Dab tsi yog 5 hom acids?
Acids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub neej niaj hnub. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom, los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab dej haus mus rau cov tsev neeg huv si thiab kev lag luam siv. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb txog tsib yam acids, lawv cov khoom, kev siv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ntawm peb lub neej.
Acid - Lub hauv paus
Ua ntej delving rau hauv cov kua qaub, cia peb nkag siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kua qaub. Cov kua qaub yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas pub hydrogen ions (H +) thaum yaj hauv dej. Cov hydrogen ions no yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov kua qaub ntawm cov khoom. Acids paub txog lawv cov qaub saj thiab muaj peev xwm tig xiav litmus daim ntawv liab.
Cov kua qaub tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg tseem ceeb: muaj zog acids thiab tsis muaj zog acids. Muaj zog acids kiag li dissociate nyob rau hauv dej, tso tag nrho lawv cov hydrogen ions, thaum qaug zog acids ib feem dissociate. Lub zog lossis qaug zog ntawm cov kua qaub yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws qhov kev sib cais tsis tu ncua.
1. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Hydrochloric acid yog ib qho ntawm cov kua qaub tshaj plaws thiab siv dav. Nws yog ib tug muaj zog acid uas dissociates kiag li nyob rau hauv dej, ua hydrogen ions thiab chloride ions. Cov tshuaj formula rau hydrochloric acid yog HCl.
Khoom:
- Hydrochloric acid yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim, tsw ntxhiab tsw.
- Nws muaj zog acidic saj.
-Nws yog corrosive heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab heev.
- Cov concentrated daim ntawv ntawm hydrochloric acid emits fumes uas tuaj yeem ua rau ua pa ua pa.
Kev siv:
- Hydrochloric acid feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov yas chloride, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm PVC yas.
- Nws yog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam txheej txheem tshuaj xws li pickling steel thiab zus tau tej cov khoom noj additives.
- Hauv cov chaw soj nstuam, hydrochloric acid yog siv rau kev hloov pH thiab ua cov tshuaj ntxuav.
- Nws plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub digestive system los ntawm pab txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov zaub mov.
Qhov tseem ceeb:
- Hydrochloric acid yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam hauv kev tsim khoom ntau yam.
- Hauv tib neeg lub cev, nws pab tswj cov kua qaub pH ntawm lub plab tsim nyog rau kev zom zaub mov.
- Kev siv cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid hauv chav kuaj thiab cov chaw tshawb fawb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sim thiab cov txheej txheem.
2. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Sulfuric acid, feem ntau hu ua "tus huab tais ntawm cov tshuaj," yog ib tug muaj zog acid dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam lag luam. Nws yog corrosive heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij yog tias tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Sulfuric acid muaj cov tshuaj formula H2SO4.
Khoom:
- Sulfuric acid yog cov tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab, thiab oily kua.
- Nws muaj qhov sib xws tuab thiab yog dej-soluble heev.
- Nws yog ib tug muaj zog dehydrating tus neeg sawv cev thiab muaj peev xwm hnov mob hnyav nrog dej.
- Daim ntawv concentrated sulfuric acid tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab thiab cov ntaub so ntswg puas.
Kev siv:
- Kev tsim cov chiv xws li ammonium sulfate thiab superphosphate koom nrog kev siv sulfuric acid.
- Nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov dyes, detergents, pigments, thiab ntau yam tshuaj.
- Sulfuric acid yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem roj av refining thiab kho cov hlau.
- Nws muaj cov ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov roj ntsha lead-acid thiab ua lub chaw kuaj reagent.
Qhov tseem ceeb:
- Sulfuric acid ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov chiv thiab tshuaj.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov roj teeb txhuas-acid, dav siv hauv ntau yam kev siv.
- Kev tuav tsis raug lossis tsis raug tso tawm ntawm sulfuric acid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kuab paug ib puag ncig hnyav thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
3. Citric Acid (C6H8O7)
Citric acid yog cov organic acid uas tsis muaj zog uas feem ntau pom hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo li txiv qaub, txiv kab ntxwv, thiab txiv kab ntxwv. Nws yog dav siv raws li ib tug natural preservative thiab flavoring neeg sawv cev. Cov tshuaj formula rau citric acid yog C6H8O7.
Khoom:
- Citric acid yog dawb crystalline hmoov nrog qaub saj.
- Nws yog dej-soluble heev thiab yooj yim tsim muaju thaum qhuav.
- Nws yog ib qho tsis muaj zog acid uas ib nrab dissociates hauv dej.
- Citric acid muaj ib tug refreshing thiab citrus aroma.
Kev siv:
- Citric acid yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab dej haus raws li kev ua kom tsw qab thiab khaws cia.
- Nws yog ua hauj lwm hauv kev npaj jams, jellies, thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo-flavored dej haus.
- Citric acid yog siv rau hauv kev tsim tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab tshuaj ntxuav.
- Nws ua hauj lwm raws li tus neeg sawv cev chelate thiab yog siv los ntxuav limescale deposits.
Qhov tseem ceeb:
- Citric acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, muab ib tug tangy saj rau ntau yam khoom.
- Nws cov khoom siv chelating ua rau nws zoo rau kev tu thiab tshem tawm lub hom phiaj.
- Citric acid muaj cov khoom antioxidant thiab tseem siv rau nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv.
4. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
Acetic acid, feem ntau hu ua vinegar thaum diluted, yog ib qho tsis muaj zog acid nrog cov qaub saj thiab pungent tsw. Nws muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv ntau yam. Cov tshuaj formula rau acetic acid yog CH3COOH.
Khoom:
- Acetic acid yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim, muaj zog, zoo li vinegar.
- Nws yog heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab flammable.
- Hauv nws daim ntawv diluted, acetic acid yog siv rau kev ua noj.
- Cov concentrated daim ntawv ntawm acetic acid yog corrosive thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tawv nqaij kub hnyiab.
Kev siv:
- Acetic acid yog siv dav hauv kev npaj cov khoom noj xws li pickles, kua ntses, thiab zaub xam lav hnav khaub ncaws.
- Nws ua raws li tus neeg saib xyuas thiab tsw ntxhiab hauv kev lag luam khoom noj.
- Acetic acid yog siv rau kev tsim cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas pom cov ntawv thov hauv kev ua noj thiab tu.
- Nws muaj cov ntawv thov hauv textile, roj hmab, thiab kev lag luam tshuaj.
Qhov tseem ceeb:
- Acetic acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, pab ua kom saj thiab khaws cia ntawm ntau yam khoom noj.
- Nws ua haujlwm ua tus neeg saib xyuas ntuj thiab yog ib puag ncig zoo rau lwm yam tshuaj hnyav.
- Acetic acid lub luag haujlwm hauv kev lag luam xws li textiles thiab kws tshuaj qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev siv ua noj.
5. Nitric Acid (HNO3)
Nitric acid yog ib tug muaj zog acid paub rau nws corrosive xwm thiab heev reactive zog. Nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab tshuaj synthesis tshuaj. Cov tshuaj formula rau nitric acid yog HNO3.
Khoom:
- Nitric acid yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim los yog daj daj nrog lub ntse ntse, ua pa tsw phem.
- Nws yog corrosive heev rau daim tawv nqaij, qhov muag, thiab cov ntaub ntawv organic.
- Cov tshuaj muaj zog ntawm nitric acid emits cov pa phem thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab heev.
- Nitric acid yog ib tug muaj zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev thiab reacts explosively nrog tej yam khoom.
Kev siv:
- Kev tsim cov chiv xws li ammonium nitrate suav nrog kev siv nitric acid.
- Nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawg, dyes, pigments, thiab kws tshuaj.
- Nitric acid pom cov ntawv thov hauv cov hlau refining, etching, thiab tu txheej txheem.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb reagent rau kev kuaj cov hlau muaj nuj nqis thiab hauv kev sim hauv kev sim.
Qhov tseem ceeb:
- Nitric acid qhov tseem ceeb nyob hauv nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov chiv, tawg, thiab ntau yam tshuaj.
- Nws muaj zog oxidizing zog ua rau nws tseem ceeb rau qee yam kev cuam tshuam thiab cov txheej txheem.
- Kev tuav thiab pov tseg kom zoo ntawm nitric acid yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Xaus
Kev nkag siab txog cov kua qaub thiab lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb los tuav lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv ntau qhov chaw. Cov tsib acids tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm no - hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, thiab nitric acid - yog siv dav hauv ntau yam lag luam, chaw kuaj mob, thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Cov kua qaub no qhia txog lawv qhov tseem ceeb, los ntawm cov ntawv thov kev lag luam thiab kev npaj zaub mov mus rau kev sim thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Nco ntsoov khaws cov kua qaub ib txwm nrog kev saib xyuas thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia kev nyab xeeb kom ntseeg tau tus kheej thiab ib puag ncig kev noj qab haus huv.